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Call for Contributions: Create an Encyclopedia Entry

MDPI Encyclopedia is an open access academic knowledge-sharing platform that enables researchers to share and disseminate scholarly knowledge. The platform features three main content formats—Encyclopedia Entries, Images, and Videos—offering different ways to communicate academic knowledge. We welcome contributions from scholars and subject experts across all academic disciplines to help expand and enrich this open access knowledge resource. Ready to contribute? Create an Encyclopedia Entry and share your knowledge with the academic community. 1. What Is an Encyclopedia Entry? Encyclopedia offers two main types of entries—Topic Reviews and Biographies—providing scholars with opportunities to share their knowledge and make academic information accessible to a wider audience. Topic Reviews Topic Reviews provide a structured and accessible overview of a specific academic topic, concept, method, or research field. They bring together key concepts, established knowledge, recent developments, practical applications, and relevant references to help readers gain a comprehensive understanding of a subject. Topic Reviews focus on organizing and explaining existing knowledge. Authors can draw on their expertise and the relevant literature to introduce important topics and make specialized knowledge easier to understand and explore. When preparing a Topic Review, authors are encouraged to follow the guidelines below: Title: Keep the title concise, specific, and informative, preferably within eight words. Description: Provide a brief overview of the topic and its key points. Length: At least 1,000 words is recommended for a topic review. Structure and Content: Provide a clear, comprehensive, and well-organized overview of the topic. Depending on the subject, the content may cover its origin and history, key concepts and principles, theoretical foundations, structure and components, mechanisms and functions, classifications and types, research developments and milestones, methods and approaches, applications and practical implications, current status, challenges and limitations, and future directions. Authors may select and organize relevant sections according to the nature and scope of their topics. Topic Reviews should present reliable, objective, and established knowledge rather than original research findings or unverified hypotheses. Keywords: Include 3–10 relevant keywords. References: Cite reliable and relevant sources to support the discussion and facilitate further reading. For reference, please see the following entry: Venous Thromboembolism in the Cardiometabolic Patient. Biographies Biographies introduce researchers' academic backgrounds, careers, and major contributions to their respective fields, highlighting their achievements and influence on the development of their disciplines. 2. Why Create an Encyclopedia Entry? Contributing an encyclopedia entry offers several benefits to scholars: Share Your Knowledge: Share your academic knowledge and insights with the wider research community, including researchers, students, and readers from other disciplines. Encyclopedia may also feature your entry on its social media channels to further promote your contribution. Enhance the Visibility of Your Contribution: Add DOIs and links to your publications to help readers discover and cite your original research. Support Knowledge Sharing: Help readers understand key concepts, explore important topics, and discover the relevant literature for further learning and research. Keep Your Entry Up to Date: Update your entry at any time to share the latest developments in your research field. Contribute Free of Charge: Create, access, and share entries on MDPI Encyclopedia at no cost. Gain Credits for MDPI Vouchers: All users can earn credits by contributing entries, which can then be redeemed for MDPI vouchers for paper publication. See the Encyclopedia Credit System for details. 3. How to Create an Encyclopedia Entry If you would like to create entries, please click https://encyclopedia.pub/user/entry/create Once submitted, the entry can be published online immediately and updated at any time. 4. Contact Us If you have any questions about creating an encyclopedia entry, please contact us at office@encyclopedia.pub.

Announcement 15 Oct 2026

PROSPERO Registration Without a Research Unit: Five Methodological Pitfalls and Practical Solutions

A systematic review can begin in an outpatient clinic, without a dedicated research unit, a specialist librarian, or institutional access to every bibliographic database. The methodological responsibilities, however, remain the same. Before results are known, researchers must define the question, eligibility criteria, information sources, selection process, and approach to synthesis. PROSPERO provides a public record against which the eventual review can be compared; it is not a certificate determining that the review itself is methodologically sound. For small clinical teams, the main challenge is often a mismatch between what the protocol promises and what the available people, time, and resources can deliver. The following five pitfalls draw on practical experience in clinical evidence synthesis but are framed as broadly applicable methodological considerations. Where relevant, PROSPERO guidance, reporting guidelines, and conduct standards are distinguished from pragmatic recommendations for teams working without formal research support. 1. Registering a Review After Its Findings Have Begun to Shape the Protocol The concern is not simply that searching has started before registration; it is whether knowledge of the emerging evidence has influenced decisions that should have been made prospectively. Eligibility criteria, outcomes, and synthesis methods can appear tailored to a set of known studies, even when the researchers did not intend to introduce bias. A preliminary or scoping search and a formal systematic search serve different purposes. A brief preliminary search checks whether a question is feasible, identifies its principal terminology, and explores whether a similar review is already registered or published. The formal search is the prespecified, reproducible strategy designed to identify the eligible evidence across planned sources. A preliminary search does not become a scoping review merely because it explores feasibility; nor should a full screening and extraction exercise be relabelled as 'scoping' after the event. PROSPERO's published guidance recognises the registration of reviews that are planned or underway, subject to its stage-of-review eligibility rules. It is therefore inaccurate to describe registration before the first database query as an absolute PROSPERO requirement. What matters is an accurate account of progress at submission, and that the current online eligibility instructions should be checked [1,2]. As a pragmatic, more conservative workflow, a small team can perform a short feasibility check, finalise the protocol, register it, and only then execute the formal search. If the formal search or screening has already begun, the registration should state this openly. Figure 1 illustrates a conservative prospective workflow and the risk of allowing known study findings to shape protocol decisions. Figure 1. Protocol planning and transparency in systematic reviews. The upper pathway illustrates the risk of allowing known study findings to influence eligibility criteria and analysis plans. The lower pathway presents a conservative workflow for small clinical teams, from a brief feasibility check to protocol finalisation, registration and review conduct. This sequence is a practical recommendation, not a statement that PROSPERO universally requires registration before the first search. Authors should check current eligibility guidance, report their actual progress and document material amendments. 2. Defining a Question Broader Than the Team Can Analyse Coherently A clinically interesting question may combine populations or outcomes that are too heterogeneous for one interpretable synthesis. For example, a prognostic review of a fibrosis score may retrieve general-population, diabetes, hepatology, and post-cardiovascular-event cohorts, with different thresholds, follow-up periods, and baseline risks. Pooling every available hazard ratio would create a numerical summary, but not necessarily a meaningful clinical answer. The protocol should identify a population that can be justified as a single analytical group, a clear intervention or exposure, prespecified comparators when applicable, and a primary outcome that eligible studies are likely to report. Anticipated differences in design, definitions, age, follow-up, or effect measures should inform planned subgroup analyses and the decision regarding whether meta-analysis will be appropriate. When meaningful pooling is unlikely, a structured synthesis without meta-analysis should be planned rather than treated as an improvised fallback [3]. The practical test for a small team is simple: can the proposed question be answered, with the intended checks and analyses, by the named reviewers before the declared completion date? Narrowing a question is not a reduction in scientific ambition when it protects interpretability and reproducibility. 3. Describing a Screening and Extraction Process That Cannot Be Delivered Selection and data extraction need a real workflow, not a conventional sentence copied from another review. PRISMA 2020 is a reporting guideline: items 8 and 9 ask authors to state how many people screened and extracted data, whether they worked independently, and how disagreements were handled. Those items do not themselves prescribe a universal minimum team size [3]. Cochrane's conduct standards for intervention reviews are more specific: independent assessment by at least two people is required for final inclusion decisions and for extraction of outcome data [4,5]. These are related but distinct standards. A two-person clinical team can design a traceable process by defining each member's tasks, recording independent full-text decisions, agreeing on how discrepancies will be resolved, and retaining extraction sheets and decision logs. If there is no standing third reviewer, this fact can be stated; unresolved disagreements still need a defensible resolution procedure. Simply writing 'two reviewers independently screened' does not establish that this process has occurred. Where fully independent duplicate extraction cannot be delivered, authors should reconsider scope, seek additional support, or explain their actual verification approach and its limitations. Checking only a sample of extracted outcomes is not equivalent to independent duplicate extraction of all outcome data and should never be presented as meeting the stricter Cochrane standard [5]. 4. Listing Bibliographic Sources That the Team Cannot Access A protocol sometimes names Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, or Web of Science because these databases appear in exemplary search strategies, not because the review team can search them. If the published methods later describe only PubMed and reference checking, the discrepancy becomes a substantive methodological problem: the retrieved evidence may be incomplete, and the preregistered plan was not executed. Researchers should establish database access before registration and specify exactly which sources will be searched. PubMed, Europe PMC, appropriate trial registers such as ClinicalTrials.gov, reference-list checking, and forward citation searching may improve retrieval where subscriptions are limited. They are complementary approaches, not interchangeable replacements for every unavailable database. The risk of missing studies depends on the review question and on where relevant studies are indexed; disclosure does not eliminate this risk [3,6]. A feasible protocol therefore identifies the available sources, records the search strategies and dates, explains important access limitations, and describes proportionate mitigation. If specialist support can be obtained for the search strategy alone, independent review using the PRESS framework can help identify avoidable errors before the search is run [6]. 5. Treating Protocol Deviations as Defects to Conceal An evidence synthesis may reveal that the planned analysis is unsuitable: studies may use incompatible populations, an outcome may be reported too rarely, or a prespecified subgroup may contain no eligible studies. The methodological issue is not that every plan must remain unchanged. It is whether readers can distinguish decisions made before the evidence was examined from decisions made afterwards. PROSPERO was established to make planned methods visible and to preserve an audit trail of material changes. PRISMA 2020 also asks authors to describe and explain amendments to registered information and protocols [2,3]. A clear account should identify what changed, when, why, and whether knowledge of study findings may have contributed to the decision. For example, if clinical heterogeneity makes a planned pooled estimate difficult to interpret, a revised primary synthesis may be warranted. The record should be amended, the methods should distinguish prespecified from post-protocol analyses, and the discussion should explain how the change affects interpretation. Where relevant, the SWiM reporting guideline can support transparent reporting of synthesis without meta-analysis; it does not retroactively make an unplanned methodological decision prespecified [7]. 6. A Workable Sequence for a Small Clinical Team Before registration, check existing PROSPERO records and the published literature, formulate a feasible question, confirm resource and database access, and agree on the screening, extraction, and synthesis methods. Register an accurate protocol that reflects the review's actual stage. During the review, retain a record of decisions, document any departure from the plan, and explain those departures in the final report. The aim is not to imitate the infrastructure of a large research unit; it is to make a realistic commitment in advance and provide a transparent account of how that commitment was fulfilled. References [1] Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. PROSPERO: International prospective register of systematic reviews. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ (accessed 20 September 2026). [2] Booth, A.; Clarke, M.; Dooley, G.; Ghersi, D.; Moher, D.; Petticrew, M.; Stewart, L. The nuts and bolts of PROSPERO: an international prospective register of systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2012, 1, 2. [3] Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.F.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021, 372, n71. [4] Cochrane. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chapter 4: Searching for and selecting studies. https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-04 (accessed 20 September 2026). [5] Cochrane. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Chapter 5: Collecting data. https://www.cochrane.org/authors/handbooks-and-manuals/handbook/current/chapter-05 (accessed 20 September 2026). [6] McGowan, J.; Sampson, M.; Salzwedel, D.M.; Cogo, E.; Foerster, V.; Lefebvre, C. PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2016, 75, 40–46. [7] Campbell, M.; McKenzie, J.E.; Sowden, A.; Katikireddi, S.V.; Brennan, S.E.; Ellis, S.; Hartmann-Boyce, J.; Ryan, R.; et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ 2020, 368, l6890. Biography Antonio Maria Labate, MD, is a specialist in Internal Medicine working as an outpatient diabetology and internal medicine specialist at ASST Franciacorta and ASST Mantova, in Lombardy, Italy. He trained in Internal Medicine at the University of Messina and has broad clinical experience spanning internal medicine, emergency medicine, and diabetology. His work focuses on clinical diabetology, cardiovascular and cardiometabolic risk in type 2 diabetes, real-world evidence, and the clinical use of newer glucose-lowering therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. He has authored peer-reviewed articles and congress communications on the cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic effects of these agents and serves as a reviewer for several international journals.

Blog 08 Oct 2026

MDPI Academic Video Service: Advancing Visual Scholarly Communication

Encyclopedia MDPI is thrilled to announce significant enhancements to its Academic Video Service, which aim to improve its quality, accessibility, and functionality. Since its launch, our video service has enabled numerous scholars to present their research in a dynamic and visually engaging format, greatly enhancing its visibility and impact. Due to the overwhelmingly positive reception this service has received, we have reached a point where the number of orders we are receiving exceeds our current capacity. In order to maintain the quality of these videos and continue optimizing the service, we have made the decision to introduce a fee. However, to ensure that this service is still a cost-effective option, we have set our prices significantly below the market average. 1. Highlights of the Upgrades to the Service Although the service will now be fee-based, we are committed to providing even more professional and comprehensive support, including the following: One-on-one video production guidance Personalized assistance to ensure your needs are fully met. Scriptwriting and English editing Expertly crafted narratives and professional English editing to ensure your research is presented clearly, accurately, and with impact. High-quality animations Visually engaging animations are created to simplify complex research and captivate your audience. Whiteboard Animations: Clean and minimalist, using hand-drawn illustrations to explain ideas step-by-step. Motion Graphics (MG) Animations: Cartoon Style: Bright, colorful, and approachable, ideal for making technical or scientific content more accessible and engaging. Hand-Drawn Style: Unique and artistic, adding a personal touch to your research while maintaining clarity and professionalism. Customized infographics (optional) We can also create tailored infographics to visually summarize key data or findings, enhancing the clarity and appeal of your video. Native voiceover Native speakers provide voiceovers to enhance the accessibility and reach of your research. Multiple rounds of revision To ensure your video accurately represents your work. Social media promotion Expanding your research's visibility and impact. 2. Why Choose Us? The Proven Impact of Video Abstracts Research shows that a well-crafted video abstract can significantly enhance the visibility and impact of your work. It has been shown to do the following: Increase paper views by 120% （Source: 10.1007/ s11192-019-03108-w） Boost citations by 20% （Source: Wiley Online Library） Improve journal rankings by 33% （Source: Research Square） Raise Altmetrics scores by 140% （Source: Research Square） Our Expertise in Academic Research Backed by MDPI, our experienced production team combines deep academic knowledge with creative excellence. We understand the nuances of scholarly communication and ensure that every frame accurately conveys the value of your research, meeting the highest standards of quality and precision. Collaborations with SCI Journals We have partnered with over 60 SCI journals to create exclusive video series, enhancing the dissemination and impact of published research. For example, our collaborations with Entropy, Remote Sensing, Nanomaterials , Animals , Nutrients, Foods , Sustainability, Cancers, etc., have helped authors achieve greater visibility and recognition for their work. Global visibility The videos are linked to your paper's DOI for maximum exposure. Available Video Services and Their Pricing Video Abstract (up to 5 minutes long): Summarizes the key findings, methodology, and significance of your research paper. Regular Price: 600 CHF Short Take (up to 2 minutes long): Uses original animations to explain the specific aspects of your research. Regular Price: 500 CHF Scholar Interview: A face-to-face discussion offering deeper insights into your publication. Regular Price: 400 CHF Scholar Profile: A brief overview of a scholar’s career, highlighting education, research focus, and key achievements. Regular Price: 500 CHF 3. Video Production Service If you want to see some examples of our videos, please visit https://encyclopedia.pub/video. If you would like to apply for the video service, please click https://encyclopedia.pub/video_service. 4. Others If you have any other questions, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.

Announcement 14 Apr 2026

MDPI Books: Expanding Open Access Academic Publishing

Academic publishing continues to evolve with the advancement of open science and digital technologies. While journal articles remain a fundamental format for communicating individual research findings, academic books provide researchers with opportunities to explore topics in greater depth, integrate broader perspectives, and present comprehensive knowledge within a dedicated publication format. To support diverse forms of scholarly communication, MDPI has developed MDPI Books, an open access academic book publishing program that enables researchers, editors, and academic communities to share extensive research contributions and educational resources with a global audience. MDPI Books supports MDPI’s mission to foster open scientific exchange, with open access as a key approach for sharing knowledge. The program includes two main publication outputs: Open Access Books and Reprints. Since the publication of the first Reprint in 2013 and the first original Open Access Book in 2017, MDPI Books has continued to expand its publishing portfolio, contributing to the advancement of open access publishing and the dissemination of scholarly knowledge across diverse disciplines. For more information about MDPI Books and available publishing opportunities, please visit https://www.mdpi.com/books/. 1. What Is MDPI Books? MDPI Books publishes academic books across a wide range of disciplines, providing researchers, editors, and academic communities with flexible publishing options for sharing scientific knowledge. The program includes two complementary publication categories: Open Access Books are original academic publications that present comprehensive research studies, educational resources, and specialized knowledge collections. By adopting an open access publishing model, these books enable broader access to scholarly content and support the dissemination of knowledge worldwide. Reprints compile previously published research articles into dedicated book formats. By organizing related studies into structured collections, Reprints provide additional opportunities to increase the visibility and accessibility of published research. Together, Open Access Books and Reprints provide researchers with different approaches to create, share, and preserve scholarly knowledge. 2. Open Access Books Open Access Books published by MDPI Books contain original academic content and provide researchers with opportunities to present comprehensive studies, educational resources, and specialized knowledge collections in a book format. Compared with individual journal articles, academic books allow authors to explore research topics in greater depth, present broader perspectives, and provide more comprehensive discussions of scientific developments. 2.1. Types of Open Access Books MDPI Books supports different types of Open Access Books to accommodate diverse scholarly communication needs. Monograph A monograph is a comprehensive/in-depth contribution to a single scholarly subject, or an aspect of a subject, written by a single or small group of authors. Both short-form (70–110 pages) or full-length monographs are accepted. This also includes PhD monographs based on doctoral theses from all fields. Edited Books Edited books contain chapters usually written by different authors who are experts in their field. The chapters in an edited volume are original works (not republished works). One or more editors are responsible for the book as a whole. Edited volumes present different viewpoints and experiences on a common theme. Textbooks A textbook contains a comprehensive compilation of content in a branch of study with the intention of explaining this branch or a particular sub-branch. It contains detailed information about a subject for people studying that subject. Project Reports A project report is the formalized recording of project progress and project results. PhD Thesis / Dissertations PhD theses can be published open access with MDPI Books, allowing the research to reach a wider audience while maintaining their original academic integrity. They are usually structured into multiple chapters and include a comprehensive literature review, methodology, results, and discussion. They do not undergo traditional external peer review, as they have already been formally evaluated and approved by the author's academic institution as part of the doctoral degree requirements and are clearly declared as PhD theses. Book Series Book series are series of original Open Access Books covering the same subject area. 2.2. Benefits of Open Access Books Open Access Books provide authors and readers with advantages in accessibility, knowledge sharing, and publishing support. Enhanced Accessibility and Discoverability Open access publishing allows scholarly books to reach broader audiences by improving accessibility and removing barriers to knowledge sharing. Through online libraries, indexing services, and metadata dissemination, Open Access Books can achieve greater discoverability and long-term visibility. Published books are available through the MDPI Books Online Library and are indexed through platforms including Google Books, CrossRef, EBSCO, WorldCat, and Scilit. Eligible titles are also submitted to the Web of Science Book Citation Index (BKCI). Comprehensive Knowledge Sharing Academic books provide space for systematic analyses, interdisciplinary discussions, and extensive reviews that may go beyond the scope of individual research articles. By presenting broader perspectives and integrated knowledge, Open Access Books contribute to long-term scientific communication and knowledge development. Author Rights and Publishing Support Authors retain copyright of their work through Creative Commons licensing options. MDPI Books provides support throughout the publication process, including editorial coordination, production services, DOI and ISBN assignment, marketing support, and print-on-demand options. 2.3. Publication Process MDPI Books provides comprehensive support throughout the Open Access Book publishing process, from manuscript submission and initial quality checks to peer review, revision, production, and publication. Following submission, manuscripts undergo an initial assessment, including checks for plagiarism, data integrity, figure permissions, and authorship information. The Editorial Office coordinates peer review and revision processes before accepted manuscripts proceed through professional editing, formatting, typesetting, and proofreading. Published books are freely available online and can also be accessed in print formats through print-on-demand and distribution channels. A complete publication process can typically be completed within approximately 6–12 months, depending on manuscript preparation and review requirements. 3. Reprints In addition to original Open Access Books, MDPI Books provides Reprints, which compile previously published research articles into dedicated book formats. Unlike Open Access Books, which contain original book-length content, Reprints focus on collecting and presenting existing research content. They allow researchers and editors to bring together related articles into thematic collections, extending the reach and visibility of published research beyond the traditional journal format. 3.1. Types of Reprints To facilitate the collection and dissemination of published research, MDPI Books provides several Reprint formats. Journal Collection Reprints Journal Collection Reprints compile articles from MDPI journals, including Special Issues, Topical Collections, Topics, and Proceedings. These collections provide a dedicated book format for completed research collections and are available as digital publications and physical books through print-on-demand services. Custom Selection Reprints Custom Selection Reprints allow tailored collections of published articles to be created according to specific requirements. They can support various purposes, including thematic research collections, teaching resources, institutional publications, conference and academic meeting materials. Article Reprints Article Reprints are professionally produced copies of individual journal articles. They preserve the original layout and typography of published research papers and provide a tangible format for sharing academic achievements. They can support research communication, institutional events, academic promotion, and other professional activities. 3.2. Benefits of Reprints Reprints provide additional opportunities to increase research visibility, organize published studies into focused collections, and support academic communication. Extending Research Visibility By bringing related research articles together into dedicated volumes, Reprints help increase awareness of specific research topics, Special Issues, Topical Collections, and conference contributions. Creating Structured Research Collections Reprints provide a convenient way to organize published studies into cohesive collections, allowing readers to discover related research more efficiently. Supporting Authors, Editors, and Institutions For authors and editors, Reprints provide a lasting representation of research achievements and editorial contributions. For institutions, customized collections can support educational activities, conferences, and academic outreach. 4. Contact For Open Access Books, researchers interested in editing a book volume or book series or in submitting a monograph proposal, can submit a Proposal Form and refer to the Information for Authors for further details. For Reprints, authors, editors, and institutions interested in creating Reprints can contact articlereprints@mdpi.com for further information and support.

Announcement 16 Jul 2026

Encyclopedia Journal Receives Its First CiteScore of 10.1

We are pleased to share that Encyclopedia has been assigned its first CiteScore of 10.1 in June 2026, following its inclusion in Scopus (Elsevier) in 2025. The CiteScore ranks the journal 20 out of 223 titles (Q1) in Multidisciplinary area, an impressive achievement for a journal running in Volume 6. You can find more statistics on our website: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/encyclopedia/stats. The current CiteScores measure the average number of citations within a journal over a four-year window (2022–2025). The Scopus database provides a comprehensive suite of metrics that support informed publishing strategies, research evaluation and enable benchmarking of journal performance. This achievement reflects the collective efforts of our authors, reviewers, and editors. Together we will continue to track the progress of Encyclopedia and its growing impact in multidisciplinary research.

Announcement 04 Jun 2026

See what people are saying about us

Shlomi Agmon

Encyclopedia Video provides potential readers with a tool to quickly understand what the work is about. That is important for casualreaders, whose time is thus spared, and for investedreaders, for whom it makes the decision to say "yes, I want to read the paper" much simpler.

School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel

Ignacio Cea

For the video abstracts, the papers and authors could gain more visibility and increase citations. Also, it means a more diverse and interesting way of communicating research, which is something valuable in itself.

Center for Research, Innovation and Creation, and Faculty of Religious Sciences and Philosophy, Temuco Catholic University

Melvin R. Pete Hayden

Thank the video production crew for making such a wonderful video. The narrations have been significantly added to the video! Congratulations on such an outstanding job of Encyclopedia Video team.

University of Missouri School of Medicine, United States

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