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HandWiki is the world's largest wiki-style encyclopedia dedicated to science, technology and computing. It allows you to create and edit articles as long as you have external citations and login account. In addition, this is a content management environment that can be used for collaborative editing of original scholarly content, such as books, manuals, monographs and tutorials.

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Gas Dynamic Cold Spray
TIF Cold Spray (CS) (formerly gas dynamic cold spray) is a coating deposition method. Solid powders (1 to 50 micrometers in diameter) are accelerated in a supersonic gas jet to velocities up to 500–1000 m/s. During impact with the substrate, particles undergo plastic deformation and adhere to the surface. To achieve a uniform thickness the spraying nozzle is scanned along the substrate. Metals, polymers, ceramics, composite materials and nanocrystalline powders can be deposited using cold spraying. The kinetic energy of the particles, supplied by the expansion of the gas, is converted to plastic deformation energy during bonding. Unlike thermal spraying techniques, e.g., plasma spraying, arc spraying, flame spraying, or high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF), the powders are not melted during the spraying process.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014
The Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014 (asp 5) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament which allows same-sex couples to marry in Scotland since 16 December 2014. The bill was introduced to the Scottish Parliament on 26 June 2013 by Alex Neil MSP, the Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing. The bill passed Stage 3 on 4 February 2014. It received Royal Assent on 12 March 2014. The Act does not contain provisions to allow existing civil partnerships registered in Scotland to be converted into marriage, but includes provision for its later introduction into law; it will permit those already in civil partnership with one another to marry without first dissolving the mutual civil partnership.
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  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Elsayed Elsayed Wagih
Elasayed Elsayed Wagih PhD, DIC, CIDTT (born 21 November 1946) is an Egyptian Professor of Virology and Biotechnology and vice President of the Arab Society for Biotechnology. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt. Wagih is well known for having invented Zymoblot, the fastest available microtechnique to detect gene expression and/or enzyme activity in any biological specimen as well as the ”Mirror
  • 868
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Courtship
Courtship is the period of development towards an intimate relationship wherein a couple get to know each other and decide if there will be an engagement, followed by a marriage. A courtship may be an informal and private matter between two people or may be a public affair, or a formal arrangement with family approval. Traditionally, in the case of a formal engagement, it is the role of a male to actively "court" or "woo" a female, thus encouraging her to understand him and her receptiveness to a marriage proposal.
  • 7.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Lawrence N. Shaw
Lawrence N. Shaw (August 12, 1939 – August 19, 2017) was an American physicist, curator, artist and founder of Pi Day. Shaw worked at the San Francisco science museum The Exploratorium for 33 years, performing just about every function for the museum. He was a key member of the arts and technology community in the San Francisco Bay Area. Lawrence N. Shaw was born in Washington, D.C. on Aug
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Sarah Haider
Sarah Haider is a Pakistani-American writer, speaker, and political activist.[1] She created the advocacy group Ex-Muslims of North America (EXMNA) which seeks to normalize religious dissent and to help former Muslims leave the religion by linking them to support networks.[2] She is the co-founder and director of development for EXMNA.[3] Haider was born in Karachi, Pakistan , in a practicing
  • 2.2K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
William Henry Chamberlin
William Henry Chamberlin Jr. (February 12, 1870 – May 9, 1921) was an American Mormon philosopher, theologian, and educator. His teachings and writings worked to reconcile Mormonism with the theory of evolution. He taught philosophy and ancient languages as well as science and math at several Latter-day Saints (LDS) institutions including Brigham Young University in the early 20th century. He
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
John C. Baez
John Carlos Baez (/ˈbaɪɛz/; born June 12, 1961) is an American mathematical physicist and a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Riverside (UCR)[1] in Riverside, California. He has worked on spin foams in loop quantum gravity, applications of higher categories to physics, and applied category theory. Baez is also the author of This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics,[2
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  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SA-15 (Ship)
SA-15 is the project name for a series of icebreaking multipurpose cargo ships built in Finland for the Soviet Union in the 1980s. The ships, capable of independent operation in all prevailing arctic ice conditions, were the first merchant vessels designed for year-round operations in the Northern Sea Route. For this purpose they have hulls that resemble those of polar icebreakers and propulsion systems capable of withstanding ice loads. While the ships are also known as the Norilsk class after the first ship, Norilsk, they are usually referred to by their project name which denotes a subarctic 15,000 DWT cargo ship. Nineteen SA-15 class ships were delivered by Finnish shipbuilders Wärtsilä and Valmet in 1982–1987, and (As of 2020) two vessels remain in service.
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  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Research Stations in the Arctic
A number of governments maintain permanent research stations in the Arctic. Also known as Arctic bases, polar stations or ice stations, these bases are widely distributed across the northern polar region of the earth. Historically few research stations have been permanent. Most of them were temporary, being abandoned after the completion of the project or owing to lack of funding to continue the research. Some of these were military or intelligence stations (listening posts) created as a result of the proximity of the U.S. and Soviet Union to each other's landmass across the polar region. Ice stations are constructed on land or on ice that rests on land, while others are drifting ice stations built on the sea ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.
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  • 30 Nov 2022
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