Multifaceted mechanisms of mAbs against bacterial figure illustrates the complex mechanisms through which mAbs counteract bacterial infections. (A) Highlights the neutralization or inhibition of bacterial virulence factors by mAbs, mitigating their pathogenic effects. (B) The process of mAbs blocking receptor-mediated adhesion is depicted, preventing bacterial adherence to host cells and hindering the progression of infection. (C) Portrays the Antibody–Antibiotic Conjugate (ADC) strategy, where mAbs conjugated with antibiotics enhance the precision and effectiveness of bacterial targeting and elimination. (D) Focuses on the role of mAbs in inhibiting or disrupting biofilm formation, a primary bacterial defense mechanism, facilitating bacterial clearance. (E) Illustrates the mAb-mediated NETosis/opsonophagocytosis pathway, promoting bacterial clearance through the facilitation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and enhanced phagocytosis. (F) Delineates the activation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity by mAbs, leading to bacterial cell lysis. (G) Illustrates the synergy between innate and adaptive immune responses facilitated by mAbs in Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC), enhancing the clearance of bacterial infections.  ^[1]