Encyclopedia MDPI is thrilled to announce significant enhancements to its Academic Video Service, which aim to improve its quality, accessibility, and functionality. Since its launch, our video service has enabled numerous scholars to present their research in a dynamic and visually engaging format, greatly enhancing its visibility and impact. Due to the overwhelmingly positive reception this service has received, we have reached a point where the number of orders we are receiving exceeds our current capacity. In order to maintain the quality of these videos and continue optimizing the service, we have made the decision to introduce a fee. However, to ensure that this service is still a cost-effective option, we have set our prices significantly below the market average. Highlights of the Upgrades to the Service Although the service will now be fee-based, we are committed to providing even more professional and comprehensive support, including the following: One-on-one video production guidance Personalized assistance to ensure your needs are fully met. Scriptwriting and English editing Expertly crafted narratives and professional English editing to ensure your research is presented clearly, accurately, and with impact. High-quality animations Visually engaging animations are created to simplify complex research and captivate your audience. Whiteboard Animations: Clean and minimalist, using hand-drawn illustrations to explain ideas step-by-step. Motion Graphics (MG) Animations: Cartoon Style: Bright, colorful, and approachable, ideal for making technical or scientific content more accessible and engaging. Hand-Drawn Style: Unique and artistic, adding a personal touch to your research while maintaining clarity and professionalism. Customized infographics (optional) We can also create tailored infographics to visually summarize key data or findings, enhancing the clarity and appeal of your video. Native voiceover Native speakers provide voiceovers to enhance the accessibility and reach of your research. Multiple rounds of revision To ensure your video accurately represents your work. Social media promotion Expanding your research's visibility and impact. Why Choose Us? The Proven Impact of Video Abstracts Research shows that a well-crafted video abstract can significantly enhance the visibility and impact of your work. It has been shown to do the following: Increase paper views by 120% （Source: 10.1007/ s11192-019-03108-w） Boost citations by 20% （Source: Wiley Online Library） Improve journal rankings by 33% （Source: Research Square） Raise Altmetrics scores by 140% （Source: Research Square） Our Expertise in Academic Research Backed by MDPI, our experienced production team combines deep academic knowledge with creative excellence. We understand the nuances of scholarly communication and ensure that every frame accurately conveys the value of your research, meeting the highest standards of quality and precision. Collaborations with SCI Journals We have partnered with many SCI journals to create exclusive video series, enhancing the dissemination and impact of published research. For example, our collaborations with Entropy, Remote Sensing, Nanomaterials , Animals , Nutrients, Foods , Sustainability, Encyclopedia, Cancers, etc., have helped authors achieve greater visibility and recognition for their work. Global visibility The videos are linked to your paper's DOI for maximum exposure. Available Video Services and Their Pricing Video Abstract (up to 5 minutes long): Summarizes the key findings, methodology, and significance of your research paper. Regular price: CHF 600 Discounted Price: CHF 400 Short Take (up to 2 minutes long): Uses original animations to explain the specific aspects of your research. Regular price: CHF 500 Discounted Price: CHF 300 Scholar Interview: A face-to-face discussion offering deeper insights into your publication. Regular price: CHF 400 Discounted Price: CHF 200 Special Offer To express our gratitude for your support, we are pleased to offer a buy one get one free promotion. This offer is valid for two weeks, and the complimentary service provided can be utilized within one year. Video Production Service If you want to see some examples of our videos, please visit https://encyclopedia.pub/video. If you would like to apply for the video service, please click https://encyclopedia.pub/video_service. Others If you have any other questions, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.

Encyclopedia Academic Video Service now offers specialized video production services designed for scholars, allowing them to present their research and insights in a dynamic and impactful manner. Research indicates that a well-crafted video abstract can boost an academic paper's views by 120%, citations by 20%, ranking by 33%, and Altmetrics score by 80%. Additionally, all videos on Encyclopedia will be linked to the original paper's DOI, further increasing your research's visibility.   Video Abstract Video Abstract is a short video that summarizes the key points of a research paper, typically within 5 minutes. A video abstract highlights the most critical information, making it easier for viewers to grasp the essence of the research quickly. Short Take A short take uses original animations to vividly showcase a key aspect of the article, such as explaining principles or detailing experimental processes, within a 1 minute timeframe. Short Takes are an effective way to communicate important information efficiently in today's fast-paced digital environment. Video Production Service If you want to see our video examples, please visit: https://encyclopedia.pub/video. If you would like to apply for video service, please click on https://encyclopedia.pub/video_material. Others If you have any other questions, please contact office@encyclopedia.pub.

Dear Colleagues, We are pleased to announce that the “Encyclopedia 2024 Outstanding Contributor Award” is open for applications now. We will award two outstanding contributors for the Encyclopedia platform (https://encyclopedia.pub/) and Encyclopedia journal in 2024. All contributors will be selected after a thorough evaluation by the journal award committee, led by the Editor-in-Chief, Prof. Dr. Raffaele Barretta, and the winners will be announced in March 2025. Eligibility for the Award:To be eligible, applicants must meet at least one of the following criteria:– The applicants must have published at least one qualified entry/video/image on the Encyclopedia platform in 2024;– The applicants must have published at least one paper in the Encyclopedia journal in 2024. Selection Criteria:The award committee will evaluate applications based on a comprehensive consideration of the following criteria:– The quantity and quality of entries/videos/images and papers contributed;– Scientific merit and broad impact;– View, citation, and download rates in 2024. Document for Application:Curriculum vitae (please contact our office if you need a template of the form). The Prize:– CHF 300 (Swiss francs) for each winner;– An opportunity to publish one paper free of charge in the Encyclopedia journal before 31 December 2025 following peer review for each winner;– An electronic certificate for each winner. Application Deadline:15 January 2025. Please send your curriculum vitae to our office before the deadline (encyclopedia@mdpi.com). The winners will be announced on the journal website in March 2025. Kind regards,Encyclopedia Editorial Office

Encyclopedia launched the Academic Video Service in April, utilizing advanced technology to transform scholarly articles into engaging academic videos, enhancing the presentation of scientific research. These videos use simple and captivating animations to communicate academic findings to a broader audience.Since its inception, the Academic Video Service has seen enthusiastic participation from scholars and partnerships with various journals like Cancers, Animals, Entropy, Remote Sensing, Nanomaterials and so on. In 2024, we collaborated with over 70 scholars to produce more than 100 video abstracts. We have received positive feedback from scholars and seek further suggestions on video quality. To enhance video quality, we've selected the most acclaimed videos of 2024 and invite Encyclopedia users to vote for the best one and share their valuable feedback. We greatly appreciate your active participation and support! Vote for the best video abstract: https://forms.gle/NaRvHTq8KLb7b4249 To apply for video service: https://encyclopedia.pub/video_material

Food safety is a global health priority. From farm to fork, our food can be exposed to harmful contaminants—microbes, chemicals, and physical debris. With traditional testing methods often slow and expensive, there's growing demand for faster, more reliable solutions. That's where Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) comes in. 1. What Is SERS? SERS is a powerful spectroscopy technique that identifies substances based on their molecular“fingerprints.” It's ultra-sensitive, non-destructive, and fast—making it ideal for detecting food contaminants. The key to its performance lies in the substrate, a nanostructured surface that enhances signals. Traditional precious metal substrates (like gold or silver) work well but are costly and sometimes unstable. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3627) 2. Enter Nanotechnology To overcome these limits, scientists are developing hybrid nanostructures that combine precious metals with functional materials—such as semiconductors, magnetic particles, and polymers. These smart materials boost sensitivity, improve stability, and add features like selectivity or magnetic separation. 3. What Can SERS Detect in Food? Microbial contamination: Bacteria, viruses, and fungi Chemical hazards: Pesticides, drug residues, heavy metals, illegal additives Physical contaminants: Glass, metal, packaging debris Thanks to its high sensitivity, SERS can identify these threats at trace levels, even in complex food samples. 4. Why It Matters Traditional methods are accurate but slow, costly, and lab-bound. SERS offers: Rapid, on-site testing Minimal sample prep High sensitivity and specificity With continued advances in nanostructure design, SERS is set to become a key tool in real-time food safety monitoring. 5. Looking Ahead Future SERS sensors could be integrated into food packaging or used in handheld devices by farmers and inspectors. As nanotechnology evolves, so will our ability to detect contamination early—and protect public health more effectively. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Nanostructure-Sensitized Surface-Enhanced Raman Sensing".

Domestic cats (Felis s. catus L.) are among the most adaptable animals on the planet. While their wild ancestors were solitary hunters, today's free-ranging urban cats have evolved to live in complex social structures, challenging long-held assumptions about feline behavior. In the Anthropocene—the current era dominated by human influence—cats have shown remarkable behavioral plasticity (the ability to adapt behavior based on environmental conditions). This adaptability has allowed them to thrive in cities, forming colonies where food is abundant and space is limited. However, their success also raises concerns about wildlife predation and human-wildlife conflict. 1. From Solitary Hunters to Social Urbanites Historically, wild cats (like the African wildcat, Felis silvestris lybica) were solitary, territorial animals. But in cities, unowned free-ranging cats (those not under human control for movement or reproduction) have developed social flexibility: Colony Living: Urban cats often form multi-male/multi-female groups around food sources (e.g., dumpsters, feeding stations). Reduced Aggression: Unlike their solitary ancestors, urban cats show lower rates of infanticide and more affiliative interactions (e.g., grooming, resting together). Altered Breeding Patterns: High-density living leads to different mating strategies, including shared kitten-rearing. These changes suggest that domestic cats are not just "wild animals in cities" but have adapted in ways that mirror other urban wildlife (like raccoons or pigeons). 2. Why Are Cats 'Misunderstood'? Many management strategies for free-ranging cats are based on outdated assumptions—treating them as solitary hunters rather than socially flexible urban adapters. This can lead to: Ineffective Population Control: Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs may not account for colony dynamics. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Misjudging cat behavior can worsen tensions between cat advocates and conservationists. Welfare Concerns: Overlooking social structures may lead to stress when relocating or managing colonies. Recognizing their behavioral plasticity is key to better policies. 3. Toward Better Management Strategies To balance cat welfare, biodiversity, and human interests, we need: Science-Based Approaches – Management should reflect current research on urban cat behavior, not just wild feline ecology. Community Engagement – Local stakeholders (residents, conservationists, veterinarians) should collaborate on solutions. Interdisciplinary Research – Combining biology, sociology, and animal welfare science can lead to humane, effective strategies. Targeted Conservation – Protecting wildcats (Felis silvestris) requires distinguishing them from feral domestic cats. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "'Misunderstood' Domestic Cats in the Anthropocene".

If evolution ever had a sense of humor, the platypus would be its punchline. This egg-laying mammal has the bill of a duck, the tail of a beaver, and the feet of an otter. It swims like a fish, lays eggs like a reptile, and can even sense electricity in water.  1. What Is a Platypus? When European naturalists first encountered the platypus in the late 18th century, they thought it was a hoax. Some believed a prankster had stitched together parts of several animals. But the platypus turned out to be very real—and even stranger than anyone imagined. The platypus is one of only five living species of monotremes—a unique group of mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. All monotremes are found in Australia and New Guinea, with the platypus being the only one in its genus. Native to eastern Australia and Tasmania, platypuses spend most of their lives in freshwater rivers and streams, where they feed, burrow, and raise their young. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3653)  2. Superpowers of the Platypus Despite its odd appearance, the platypus is an evolutionary marvel. Here's why: Electrolocation The platypus hunts with its eyes, ears, and nostrils completely shut underwater. How does it find prey? Its rubbery bill is loaded with electroreceptors that detect the tiny electric fields produced by moving muscles of insects, shrimp, and worms. It's one of the few mammals with this ability. Venomous Spurs Male platypuses have a venomous spur on their hind legs. During the breeding season, they can deliver a painful (though not deadly) sting to rivals or predators. It’s one of the few venomous mammals in the world. Milk Without Nipples Female platypuses nurse their young by secreting milk through pores in the skin. The milk pools on the mother's abdomen, and the babies lap it up. Talk about a natural milk puddle! Double Duty Chromosomes Platypuses have 10 sex chromosomes (humans have two)—five Xs and five Ys in males. Their genome is a blend of mammal, reptile, and bird traits, making them a living window into early mammalian evolution. 3. Platypus in the Ecosystem Platypuses play a crucial role in their ecosystem as predators of aquatic invertebrates, helping control insect populations. They are also bioindicators of water health—because they depend on clean freshwater systems, their presence often signals a healthy ecosystem. 4. Threats and Conservation Despite being protected under Australian law, platypuses face mounting threats: Habitat destruction from agriculture, urbanization, and dam construction Pollution in rivers and streams Climate change, which affects rainfall patterns and river flow Fishing nets and traps, which can entangle and drown them In some regions, populations are declining. Conservationists are calling for stronger protections, including habitat restoration, legal safeguards, and monitoring programs. 5. Why the Platypus Matters The platypus is more than a quirky curiosity—it’s a symbol of Australia’s ancient biodiversity and evolutionary history. Its very existence challenges our understanding of what it means to be a mammal and highlights the importance of preserving unique ecosystems. For more information about topic, you can view the online entry entitled "Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)".

Otters are some of the most charming and playful creatures in the animal kingdom. With their sleek bodies, expressive faces, and playful antics, they've captured the hearts of people worldwide. But there's more to otters than just their cuteness—they're intelligent, social, and vital to their ecosystems. 1. What Are Otters? Otters are semi-aquatic mammals belonging to the Mustelidae family, which also includes weasels, badgers, and ferrets. There are 13 different otter species, ranging from the small-clawed otter to the giant river otter. They can be found on every continent except Australia and Antarctica, thriving in freshwater rivers, lakes, and coastal marine environments. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3635) 2. Types of Otters Here are a few well-known otter species: Sea Otter – Found along the Pacific coast, these otters are known for floating on their backs and using rocks to crack open shellfish. River Otter – Agile swimmers found in North America, often seen sliding on muddy banks for fun. Giant Otter – The largest otter species, living in South America’s Amazon basin, with a highly social family structure. Asian Small-Clawed Otter – The smallest otter species, known for its dexterous paws and playful nature. 3. Otter Behavior & Intelligence Otters are incredibly smart and social animals. Here are some fun facts about their behavior: Tool Use – Sea otters use rocks to break open shellfish, one of the few animals known to use tools. Playful Nature – Otters love sliding, wrestling, and playing games, which helps them develop hunting skills. Communication – They use a variety of sounds, from whistles to growls, to communicate with each other. Holding Hands – Sea otters often hold hands while sleeping to avoid drifting apart—an adorable behavior called "rafting." 4. Habitat & Conservation Status Otters thrive in clean, unpolluted waters, making them indicator species—their presence signals a healthy ecosystem. However, many otter species are threatened due to: Habitat destruction (pollution, dam construction) Hunting (for fur in the past) Climate change (affecting marine food sources) Organizations worldwide are working to protect otters through conservation programs, habitat restoration, and anti-poaching laws. 5. Why Otters Matter Otters play a crucial role in their ecosystems: Maintaining Balance – By preying on fish, crabs, and sea urchins, they prevent overpopulation that could harm underwater vegetation. Boosting Ecotourism – Their playful nature attracts wildlife enthusiasts, supporting local economies. Indicating Water Health – Since they need clean water to survive, their presence indicates a thriving environment. For more information about topic, you can view the online entry entitled "Otter".

What if plants could hunt? In the swamps of the Carolinas, one plant does just that—waiting patiently with jaws wide open for the moment a meal walks by. Meet the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula), a botanical marvel that defies everything we think we know about how plants behave. 1. A Killer in the Wetlands Native to the subtropical wetlands of North and South Carolina, the Venus flytrap isn't your average houseplant. It has evolved a remarkable solution to a common problem: how to get enough nutrients in nutrient-poor, acidic soils. The answer? Turn carnivorous. The Venus flytrap doesn't photosynthesize like most plants alone. It supplements its diet by capturing and digesting small insects. This extraordinary adaptation allows it to survive where other plants would wither away. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3636) 2. How the Trap Works: Biology with Bite The Venus flytrap's leaves are modified into jaw-like structures that remain open, lined with trigger-sensitive hairs. When an unsuspecting insect touches these hairs twice within about 20 seconds, the trap snaps shut in a fraction of a second. It’s one of the fastest movements in the plant kingdom. What happens next is even more astonishing. The plant begins to digest the insect using enzymes, absorbing valuable nitrogen and other nutrients over 5 to 12 days. Afterward, the trap reopens, often shriveled, and ready for its next victim. For centuries, the Venus flytrap has fascinated botanists, naturalists, and even poets. Charles Darwin called it "one of the most wonderful plants in the world." Scientists continue to study it today for insights into plant movement, signaling, and evolution. Research has shown that the flytrap's snapping mechanism is triggered by an electrical impulse—a mini action potential similar to what occurs in animal nervous systems. This raises philosophical questions about plant sentience and how we define intelligence in the natural world.Conservation Concerns Despite its popularity in cultivation, wild populations of Dionaea muscipula are under threat. Urban development, illegal poaching, fire suppression, and climate change have reduced its natural range significantly. It is currently listed as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN and is protected under U.S. federal and state laws. Conservationists advocate for responsible cultivation, sustainable seed sourcing, and the protection of the plant’s unique wetland habitat. If you've ever considered owning one, choose flytraps from reputable growers—never from the wild. 3. Did You Know? Venus flytraps are native only to a 90-mile radius around Wilmington, North Carolina. Each trap dies after about 3–4 uses, so overfeeding can shorten the plant's life. Flytraps can live up to 20 years in the right conditions. For more information about topic, you can view the online Scientific Infographics entitled "Venus Flytrap".

In the heart of sub-Saharan Africa, where communities are as vibrant as they are vulnerable, a silent crisis is growing—childhood anemia. Affecting cognitive development, energy levels, and even future economic productivity, anemia is far more than just a health condition. It's a barrier to national development. 1. Anemia: A Public Health Emergency Hidden in Plain Sight Anemia, the most common blood disorder in children, arises when the body doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to tissues. For children, especially those under five years old, this means delayed development, poor learning outcomes, frequent illness, and a higher risk of death. Globally, anemia affects about 39.8% of children aged 6–59 months, with the African region suffering the highest burden—60.2% of its children are affected. In Mozambique, the picture is even more alarming. According to newly pooled data from two national Demographic and Health Surveys (2011 and 2022–2023), the anemia rate in children under five has risen from 69.1% to 72.9% over the past decade. That's nearly 3 out of every 4 children. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3598) 2. What's Behind the Numbers? You might assume the main culprit is iron deficiency—and you'd be partly right. But the causes are deeply intertwined and multifaceted. These include: Micronutrient deficiencies, like vitamin A, B12, and folic acid Infectious diseases, such as malaria and HIV, which are prevalent in Mozambique Inherited blood disorders, such as sickle cell anemia Poor dietary quality, particularly in food-insecure communities Environmental conditions, like lack of clean water and sanitation Social inequalities, including gender and economic disparities These factors don't operate in isolation—they reinforce each other, making the fight against anemia particularly complex. 3. Who Is Most at Risk? The recent study identified key groups of children at greater risk of anemia: Children suffering from illness had a 44% higher likelihood of being anemic. Those living in households with unimproved drinking water sources were 40% more likely to be anemic. Children from female-headed households showed a modestly increased risk. Conversely, children who had received vitamin A supplements were significantly less likely to be anemic. Interestingly, children aged 6–11 months were less likely to be anemic than older children, a finding that suggests age-specific feeding practices and nutritional transitions play a crucial role. 4. Why Mozambique? Why Now? Despite global efforts like iron supplementation, mass deworming, and food aid, Mozambique continues to rank among the top 15 countries with the highest burden of childhood anemia. The persistence of such high rates over the past decade indicates that short-term solutions and fragmented policies are simply not enough. According to the study, about 16% of the anemia variation was attributed to differences between communities, pointing to the significant role of structural and environmental factors. If Mozambique is to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—including reducing anemia by 50% in women and children by 2030—interventions must be broader and more integrated. 5. What Needs to Change? To reduce childhood anemia, the response must shift from clinical band-aids to structural transformation: Improve Primary Healthcare Access Early diagnosis and consistent health monitoring for children must be expanded, particularly in rural areas where access is limited. Ensure Food Security and Dietary Diversity Policies should promote sustainable agriculture and local food systems that increase access to iron-rich and nutrient-dense foods. Enhance Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Infrastructure Poor sanitation and unsafe water sources fuel infection-driven anemia. WASH programs are as essential as iron supplements. Support Female-Headed Households Women are often primary caregivers. Programs that empower women economically and socially can have cascading benefits for child health. Promote Nutrition Education Awareness campaigns about dietary needs and proper child feeding practices—especially during the critical first 1000 days of life—are crucial. 6. Beyond Health: Anemia as a Development Issue Anemia isn’t just a medical problem—it’s a developmental one. Children with anemia are more likely to underperform in school, struggle to find stable employment later in life, and remain trapped in cycles of poverty. National productivity declines when a significant portion of the future workforce is physically and cognitively stunted. According to the World Bank, addressing malnutrition (including anemia) could raise a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) by up to 11% in Africa and Asia. The stakes are high, but so is the return on investment. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Childhood Anemia in Mozambique".

The Philippine duck (Anas luzonica), a beautiful waterfowl endemic to the Philippines, is quietly slipping away. Illegal hunting and the rapid transformation of wetlands into farms and aquaculture facilities are pushing this vulnerable species closer to extinction. But what if the very communities surrounding these birds could help turn the tide? A recent study in the Maguindanao provinces set out to discover just that—whether local people are willing to pay for the conservation of this native duck and what influences their decision to contribute. Source: Encyclopedia Scientific Infographics (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3584) A Price for Conservation Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), researchers surveyed 500 residents in the region to understand their willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation efforts. The average amount respondents were willing to pay annually? Just USD 0.60. It may seem small, but when scaled across households in Maguindanao, this could generate a potential USD 134,000 annually—enough to fund real conservation action on the ground. What Drives People to Pay? Several key factors influenced the WTP: Positive attitudes toward the Philippine duck were strongly linked to greater support. Higher knowledge about the duck’s ecology and its endangered status also increased WTP. Women, pet owners, and individuals with higher income showed the greatest willingness to contribute. These findings suggest that education and awareness campaigns—especially those that foster empathy and connection—could go a long way in galvanizing public support for conservation. Why This Matters The plight of the Philippine duck is not an isolated case. Globally, habitat loss, climate change, and overexploitation are accelerating biodiversity loss at an alarming rate. Wetlands, where these ducks thrive, are among the most threatened ecosystems—over 87% have been lost globally since the 1700s. What makes this study so important is its focus on community involvement. While national and international agencies, like the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), WWF-Philippines, and local NGOs, play major roles in wildlife protection, long-term success hinges on public participation and funding. From Awareness to Action Despite legal protections and designated critical habitats across the country, enforcement remains patchy. And in regions like the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, duck populations remain understudied and underprotected. This research sends a hopeful message: people do care. They just need the right information and opportunities to get involved. By understanding the public’s attitudes and capacity to give, conservation efforts can be tailored to tap into this support—and ensure that the Philippine duck has a fighting chance to thrive once again. For more information about this topic, you can view the online video entitled "Determining the Conservation Value of the Philippine Duck".

As anxiety rates rise globally, researchers are turning to the gut for answers—and finding them in unexpected places. A new study has identified a promising probiotic strain, Limosilactobacillus reuteri WLR01 (GOLDGUT-LR99), with the potential to alleviate both anxiety-like behavior and gastrointestinal symptoms triggered by chronic stress. By studying 11 strains of Lm. reuteri from healthy individuals, scientists found that WLR01 and WLR06 significantly improved symptoms in stressed mice—restoring cognitive function, reducing inflammation, and improving gut microbiota balance. What’s especially exciting? WLR01 regulates key inflammation pathways (like NLRP3 inflammasome) and protects gut integrity in stress-induced models—offering insight into how targeted probiotics can impact both the brain and digestive system. Unlike generic probiotics, the effects of L. reuteri are strain-specific—some are potent mood modulators, while others show no effect. WLR01 stands out for its dual action, and this study lays the groundwork for future clinical applications in treating anxiety and gut disorders—naturally, and without the side effects of traditional drugs. For more information about topic, you can view the online video entitled "Limosilactobacillus reuteri Reduces Anxiety and Gut Symptoms in Stressed Mice".

Every September, in the hallowed halls of Harvard University, something delightfully strange happens. Scientists, Nobel laureates, and an enthusiastic audience gather—not to celebrate the pinnacle of scientific gravity, but to honor research that is wonderfully weird, absurdly funny, and surprisingly insightful. The motto of Ig Nobel Prizeis simple: “To honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.” What Is the Ig Nobel Prize? The Ig Nobel Prize (yes, a pun on “ignoble” and “Nobel”) is an annual award ceremony that recognizes real scientific studies that sound ridiculous at first glance—but often uncover something important, brilliant, or just profoundly human. Think of it as science with a wink and a nudge. https://encyclopedia.pub/video_series/4 Created in 1991 by Marc Abrahams, editor of the Annals of Improbable Research, the prize has grown into a cult favorite among both scientists and science lovers. And while it might sound like a spoof, make no mistake: the research is real, peer-reviewed, and often backed by top universities and institutions. A Ceremony Like No Other Held at Harvard University, the Ig Nobel ceremony is pure chaotic fun. Nobel laureates hand out the awards. Winners are limited to 60-second speeches (with a child chanting “Please stop, I’m bored” if they go over). There’s even a mini opera every year, with themes like “The Energy Opera” and “The Brain Food Opera.” After the confetti settles, winners give "Ig Informal Lectures"—short, serious talks explaining their quirky research to the public. Laugh, Then Think At first glance, the Ig Nobel Prize might look like a joke. But behind the laughter lies a deeper truth: science is about curiosity. Asking oddball questions can lead to surprising discoveries. Why do wombats poop cubes? Why do people avoid people who walk like zombies? Why do mathematicians study the optimal way to dunk an Oreo? In celebrating the absurd, the Ig Nobels also remind us: science is everywhere, and no question is too small—or too silly—to matter. Who Wins? Real Scientists Contrary to what some may think, Ig Nobel laureates are often highly respected professionals—professors, doctors, engineers, and even NASA researchers. They’re not being mocked; they’re being honored for their creativity, courage, and willingness to explore the unexpected. In fact, many scientists proudly display their Ig Nobel Prizes alongside more “serious” accolades. In a world where science can seem distant or intimidating, the Ig Nobel Prize brings it down to earth—with a hearty laugh and a nod to the wonders of curiosity. For more information about this topic, you can view our Ig Nobel Prize series videos.

O. Henry, the master of the short story and the surprise ending, is best known for classics like "The Gift of the Magi" and "The Ransom of Red Chief."  Early Life: From North Carolina to Texas Born William Sydney Porter in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1862, O. Henry's journey to literary fame was anything but traditional. He left school at age 15, worked as a pharmacist, and eventually moved to Texas, where his misadventures — including a charge of embezzlement — would lead to time in prison. Why “O. Henry”? There’s no definitive origin for the name “O. Henry.” Some speculate it was inspired by a prison guard, others believe it came from a French chemist's name in a newspaper. Either way, it helped Porter keep his identity a mystery during his early publications. New York, New Stories After prison, Porter moved to New York City in 1902 — the perfect setting for the hundreds of short stories he would write. His sharp observations of urban life fueled classics like: “The Gift of the Magi” – A story of love and sacrifice. “The Last Leaf” – A painter’s leaf gives hope to the dying. “The Ransom of Red Chief” – Two criminals get more than they bargained for. What Made O. Henry Special? O. Henry wasn’t just another storyteller. His works had a signature style: Twist Endings – The last line almost always caught readers off guard.Ordinary Characters – From waiters to pickpockets, his subjects felt real.Big-Hearted Irony – Laugh-out-loud moments blended with sincere emotion.Urban Vibe – He captured early 1900s New York like few others. Personal Struggles Despite success in publishing, O. Henry’s personal life was filled with loss. After the death of his wife and several failed relationships, he battled alcoholism and ill health. He died in 1910 at the age of 47 — but not before leaving behind more than 600 stories. His Legacy Lives On In 1919, the O. Henry Award was established to recognize excellence in short fiction — a testament to his enduring impact. Today, his stories are studied in classrooms, adapted into films, and read by lovers of literature around the world. For more information about O. Henry, you can view the online video entitled "From Prison to Pen: The Resilient Life of O. Henry".

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a common but complex functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting around 10% of the population. Characterized by recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel habits, IBS significantly impairs patients’ quality of life and imposes a notable burden on healthcare systems. While its etiology remains multifactorial and not fully understood, disturbances in gut microbiota have emerged as a key contributing factor. Probiotic and synbiotic interventions—the latter combining beneficial bacteria with prebiotics to enhance microbial growth—have gained traction in IBS research. Among these, balanced multi-strain synbiotics, which avoid dominance by any single bacterial strain, have shown particular promise. A recent clinical investigation, the ViIBS trial, evaluated such a synbiotic in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled format across multiple primary care centers in Poland. The 12-week treatment demonstrated significant improvement in symptom severity (IBS-SSS), global symptom perception (IBS-GIS), and patient-reported adequate relief (IBS-AR) compared to placebo. Six months post-intervention, a cross-sectional follow-up assessed long-term patient behavior and symptom patterns. Key objectives included: Determining patient willingness to return for follow-up; Evaluating continued synbiotic use; Re-assessing symptom severity and diagnosis status using standardized tools. Despite inherent limitations in observational designs—including recall bias and lack of causality—this follow-up provided valuable insight. It highlighted patient interest in non-pharmacological IBS management and informed the feasibility of longer-term probiotic studies. The ViIBS findings support the potential of balanced multi-strain synbiotics as a viable adjunctive treatment for IBS. Continued research is needed, particularly around accessibility and sustained efficacy in real-world settings. For more information about this topic, you can view the online video entitled "IBS Patients 6 Months Post-ViIBS".

The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the demand for antiviral technologies such as photocatalytic coatings and air purifiers, which are capable of inactivating SARS-CoV-2. While these materials are effective due to their strong oxidizing properties, evaluating their antiviral performance is typically time-consuming and resource-intensive—particularly when testing multiple materials or conditions. To streamline this process, a recent study proposes using the acetaldehyde decomposition test—a standard method for assessing air purification efficiency—as a screening tool for antiviral activity. This method measures the rate at which a photocatalyst breaks down acetaldehyde in air. The concentration decrease over time follows an exponential pattern, similar to the reduction in viral infectivity during antiviral testing. The key metric is the slope of the regression line derived from acetaldehyde concentration data. When this method was applied alongside traditional antiviral tests, a correlation was observed between the two sets of results. This indicates that acetaldehyde decomposition can serve as a proxy for antiviral performance in preliminary evaluations. This approach allows researchers to quickly screen multiple samples and conditions, identifying promising materials for further antiviral testing. It supports a more efficient “selection and concentration” strategy during product development. Although the WHO ended the COVID-19 public health emergency in May 2023, cases and fatalities continue to be reported. In the context of ongoing infection control needs, efficient testing methods remain essential for advancing antiviral technologies. For more information about this topic, you can view our online entry entitled "Estimating Anti-Viral Performance of Photocatalytic Materials" Or you can view the original paper entitled "Estimating the Anti-Viral Performance of Photocatalytic Materials: The Correlation between Air Purification Efficiency and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Inactivation".

Sloths are tree-dwelling mammals known for their remarkably slow movements and peaceful lifestyles. Native to the tropical forests of Central and South America, sloths have adapted perfectly to life in the canopy. Their sluggish pace, once misunderstood as laziness, is actually a sophisticated energy-saving strategy essential to survival. Why Are Sloths So Slow? Sloths have an extremely low metabolic rate, which means they digest food very slowly and conserve energy by moving as little as possible. Their slow lifestyle helps them avoid detection by predators like eagles and jaguars. In fact, some sloths only come down from their trees about once a week to go to the bathroom! Sloths infographic, created by Encyclopedia Editorial Team. (https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3507) Two Types of Sloths There are two main types of sloths: Two-toed sloths – Slightly faster and more active at night. Three-toed sloths – The slower of the two, with a signature smile. Fun Facts About Sloths ? They move so slowly that algae grows on their fur, giving them a greenish tint that acts as camouflage. ? Sloths sleep up to 15–20 hours a day! ? Their diet consists mostly of leaves, which provide little energy, contributing to their sluggishness. ? Despite their slow movements, sloths are surprisingly strong swimmers! Conservation Status Many sloth species are threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation. Organizations are working to protect these adorable animals and their rainforest homes. Conclusion Sloths are far more than charming, slow-motion wonders — they are survivors of an ancient lineage and vital members of rainforest ecosystems. Their future depends on our ability to protect their forest homes and respect their place in the natural world. For more information about Sloths, you can view our Sloths infographic.

We are thrilled to announce the Encyclopedia 2024 Outstanding Contributor Award winners. The award has been granted to the following researchers: Name: Dr. Michele Filippo FontefrancescoAffiliations: 1 Catholic University of Sacred Hearth, Italy; 2 Durham University, UK Name: Dr. Ioannis PassasAffiliation: Hellenic Mediterranean University, Greece As awardees, they will each receive CHF 300 (Swiss francs), a certificate, and an opportunity to publish one paper free of charge in the Encyclopedia journal before 31 December 2025, following peer review. Testimonials from the winners: Dr. Michele Filippo Fontefrancesco: “I am honored to receive the Outstanding Contribution Award from Encyclopedia. This recognition holds special significance for me, both personally and professionally, as it expresses the recognition of the contribution given to the growth of a young international journal.Publishing with Encyclopedia has offered me a unique opportunity to communicate complex anthropological and social science topics in accessible ways and reach audiences far beyond my normal space in academia. As a researcher committed to bridging knowledge and action, I deeply appreciate the journal’s commitment to high-quality, open access publishing and its support in shaping content that resonates with scholars, practitioners, and policymakers alike.In my experience, the professionalism of the Encyclopedia’s editorial team, from peer review to publication and video production, is outstanding. As an Editorial Board Member and contributor, I see Encyclopedia as a platform where scientific rigor meets public engagement—an essential frontier for researchers today.This award strengthens my motivation to continue contributing, mentoring, and fostering a culture of inclusive and innovative science communication. Thank you for this meaningful acknowledgment.” Dr. Ioannis Passas: “Receiving the Encyclopedia Outstanding Contributor Award 2024 is a true honor. What makes this recognition particularly meaningful is the journal’s wide-reaching, interdisciplinary nature. Few academic platforms today manage to bring together so many diverse fields under one roof while maintaining high standards and clear editorial direction. Being part of such an ecosystem—where knowledge moves across disciplines and formats—is both intellectually fulfilling and professionally valuable.This award acknowledges more than a single contribution; it reflects a collaborative process involving editors, reviewers, and technical staff who treat each submission with care and respect. I’m especially grateful for the chance to share ideas in both written and audiovisual forms, as this has expanded the impact of my work far beyond traditional academic circles.I appreciate this recognition deeply and look forward to continuing my involvement with Encyclopedia, supporting its mission to foster open, informed, and inclusive scholarly dialogue.” We extend our sincere gratitude to all applicants for their outstanding contributions. The evaluation process and subsequent decision proved to be challenging. On behalf of the award evaluation committee, we congratulate the winners on their remarkable achievements. Encyclopedia Editorial Office

Every year on April 25, the world observes World Malaria Day—a reminder that while progress has been made, malaria remains a global threat. In 2022, malaria infected 247 million people and claimed over 619,000 lives—mostly children under 5 in sub-Saharan Africa. It's a disease we can prevent, treat, and eliminate, but it still kills a child every minute. What Is Malaria? Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, spread by the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Its symptoms—fever, chills, vomiting—can quickly turn deadly without treatment. But we're not powerless. Over the past two decades, thanks to tools like: Insecticide-treated netsRapid diagnostic testsArtemisinin-based therapies (ACTs)The RTS,S malaria vaccine …millions of lives have been saved, and some countries have eliminated the disease entirely. Source: https://encyclopedia.pub/image/3486 The Game-Changer: Tu Youyou One of the biggest breakthroughs in malaria treatment came from Tu Youyou, a Chinese scientist who turned to traditional medicine for answers. In the 1970s, during China's Project 523, Tu discovered artemisinin from the sweet wormwood plant (Artemisia annua). This became the foundation for ACTs, now the world's most effective antimalarial drugs. In 2015, Tu became the first Chinese woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Her discovery has saved millions of lives—a shining example of how ancient knowledge and modern science can work together. What We're Still Up Against Despite progress, the fight isn't over. We face: Drug and insecticide resistance Climate change expanding mosquito habitats Critical funding gaps And yet, the goal of ending malaria remains within reach—with continued innovation, investment, and global collaboration. For more information about Tu youyou, you can view our online video "Science Never Ends: Tu youyou".

We are pleased to announce that the “Encyclopedia Outstanding Contributor Award” in 2025 is now open for applications. In 2025, we will award two outstanding contributors to the Encyclopedia platform (https://encyclopedia.pub/) and the journal Encyclopedia. After a thorough evaluation, the journal award committee, led by Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Raffaele Barretta, will select all eligible contributors. The winners will be announced in March 2026. The Prize – CHF 300 (Swiss francs);– An opportunity to publish one paper free of charge in the Encyclopedia journal before 31 December 2026, following peer review;– An electronic certificate. Eligibility and Requirements To be eligible, applicants must meet at least one of the following criteria:– The applicants must have published at least one qualified entry/video/image on the Encyclopedia platform in 2025;– The applicants must have published at least one paper in the Encyclopedia journal in 2025.  Application Deadline 15 January 2026. Winner announcement 31 March 2026. Please send your curriculum vitae/resume to our Editorial Office before the above deadline (encyclopedia@mdpi.com). As mentioned above, the winners will be announced on the journal's website in March 2026. Kind regards, Encyclopedia Editorial Office.